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i. The threat of substitute products:
Substitutes are not part of the market, but represent an alternative offer. This may be of different products that meet the same need (eg different brands of shoes or clothes) or products that affect demand. Substitute products are characterized by a positive cross-elasticity. In fact, the increase in the price of a good at Next leads to the increasing of the quantity sold (Porter, 1979).
ii. The intensity of rivalry among competitors:
Competitors are struggling in the retail industry to increase or simply maintain their position. There is more or less intense balance of power between firms, depending on the strategic nature of the industry, market attractiveness, its development prospects, the existence of barriers to entry and exit, the number of companies, size and diversity of competitors, the importance of fixed costs, the ability to achieve economies of scale, character banal or perishable products, etc.
代写论文
一、替代产品的威胁：
替代品是没有市场的一部分，但代表提供的替代品。这可能是不同的产品满足相同需要（如不同品牌的鞋子或衣服）或产品的市场需求的影响。替代产品的特点是一个积极的交叉弹性。事实上，在未来的增加导致一个好价格增加销售量（波特，1979）。
二之间的竞争对手的强度：
竞争对手在零售业努力提高或只是保持自己的地位。有或多或少的强烈的电力公司之间的平衡，不同的行业，战略性质的市场吸引力，其发展前景，进入和退出壁垒的存在，一些公司，竞争对手的规模和多样性，固定成本的重要性，以实现规模经济的能力，性格平庸或易腐产品，等。
