代寫作業:乳腺癌與乳腺癌轉移的特點


代寫作業:乳腺癌與乳腺癌轉移的特點

乳腺癌是由突變引起的,突變導致細胞周期雕亡,導致細胞異常增殖。性別(女性)和年齡(變老)是乳腺癌[3]的兩個主要危險因素。導致癌癥的一些危險因素是由於一些人沈溺於活動。“危險活動”一詞用來指一些有可能引起癌癥的活動。這是一個相對的術語,用來詳細解釋可能導致癌癥的可能性。其中一些危險因素是18歲以後體重增加、絕經後激素治療的使用、身體不活動、飲酒量增加、吸煙,尤其是首次懷孕後。一些研究表明,破壞性的睡眠模式也可能導致乳腺癌[22]的形成。在某些情況下,某些因素是無法改變的;有家族病史、年齡增長、BRCA1和BRCA2基因的遺傳突變或其他易發生癌變的基因。健康狀況,如高骨礦物質,骨質疏松癥和高水平的性激素被認為是導致癌癥的原因。已經發現,對於癌癥來說。男性也會患上乳腺癌。在美國,根據統計觀察,大約八分之一的人在一生中會患上侵襲性乳腺癌。乳腺癌是美國婦女常見的癌癥,僅次於皮膚癌。據美國癌癥協會估計,約40450名女性將死於乳腺癌[3]。其中,增加患癌癥風險最大的因素是患者的年齡。研究發現,患乳腺癌的相對風險隨著年齡的增長而增加。年齡被認為是導致乳腺癌的最重要因素。

Breast cancer is caused due to mutation that causes issues in apoptosis of the cell cycle leading to abnormal proliferation of the cells. Gender (being a woman) and age (growing older) are two major risk factors for breast cancer[3]. Some of the risk factors that cause Cancer are caused due to the activities indulged by some people. The term risk activity is used to denote some of the activities that have the possibility of causing Cancer. It is a relative term that is used to explain in detail the possibilities that could cause cancer. Some of the risk factors are weight gain after the age of 18, usage of menopausal hormone therapy, being physically inactive, increased levels of alcohol consumption, usage of cigarette smoking esp. after the first pregnancy of the women. Some studies state that disruptive sleep patterns could also contribute to the formation of breast cancer [22]. In some cases, certain factors are not modifiable; there are the familial history, increase in age, inherited mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 or other genes that are vulnerable to develop cancerous conditions [21]. Health conditions such as high bone mineral, osteoporosis and high levels of sex hormones have been attributed to causing cancer. It has been found that for the case of Cancer. Men also develop breast cancer. In America, according to statistical observations, about one of eight will have invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. Breast Cancer is the common cancer in American women next to skin cancer. It is estimated by American Cancer Society that about 40,450 women will die because of breast cancer[3]. Of this, the most increasing risk factor for cancer is the age of the person. It has been found that the relative risk increase for developing breast cancer condition is found to increase with age. Age is identified as the most important factor for developing breast cancer.


代寫作業 :乳腺癌與乳腺癌轉移的特點

轉移性乳腺癌仍然被認為是無法治愈的[30]。乳腺癌轉移是指乳腺癌細胞通過血液或淋巴管從原發部位擴散到身體其他部位。乳腺癌細胞轉移是乳腺癌死亡的主要原因,而非原發腫瘤。乳腺癌的轉移是一個多步驟的級聯反應,當癌細胞從原發腫瘤中分離出來,通過靜脈壁進行血管內灌註,擴散到血液中,最後在遠處的器官中形成新的菌落。任何這些步驟的失敗都會導致轉移的[4]的暫停。同時,為了生存,癌細胞需要逃離宿主的免疫反應。檢測循環腫瘤細胞(CTCs)是預測乳腺癌轉移的一種新興方法。循環腫瘤細胞是從原發部位[31]開始在血液中循環的腫瘤細胞。CSTs對腫瘤轉移研究具有重要意義。隨著對乳腺癌轉移級聯的進一步了解,表達在癌細胞上的細胞表面受體及其參與轉移的同源配體將對乳腺癌的診斷和預後產生重要的改善作用。

Metastatic breast cancer is still considered as incurable [30]. Breast cancer metastasis is that breast cancer cells spread to other parts of the body from its primary site through bloodstream or lymph vessels. Metastasis of breast cancer cells contributes to the majority of deaths due to breast cancer instead of primary tumor. Breast cancer metastasis is a multi-step cascade that begins when cancer cells separate from the primary mass, intravasate through vein walls, spread through the bloodstream, and finally seed new colonies in distant organs. Any failure in any of these steps will lead to suspension of metastasis[4]. Simultaneously, cancer cells need to escape the host’s immune response for the purpose of survival. Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a rising way to predict breast cancer metastasis. Circulating tumor cells are tumor cells that circulate in bloodstream originating from primary site [31]. CSTs are important for cancer metastasis research. With increased understanding of breast cancer metastatic cascade, cell-surface receptors expressed on cancer cell and their cognate ligands involved in metastasis will lead to critical improvements in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer.

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