房地产

住房是由政府直接分配,直到1990年代中期,当住房首次引入。五大国有建筑公司在中国是100%。2009年,他们在海外创造了218亿美元收入,据中国国际承包商协会,一个贸易集团。
中国承包商已经做实质性的海外业务,居世界第六位在国际业务方面,据中国国际承包商协会。贸易组织估计海外总承包收入到500亿年将达到500亿美元,高于218亿年的2009美元。
中国建筑企业在非洲也取得进展。作为其战略的一部分,获取海外石油资源,中国一直在提供援助的国家如尼日利亚和苏丹诱惑授予中国石油企业勘探领域。这些项目往往由中国承包商。
2009年,中国建筑企业在非洲获得了63亿美元的合同。组成的一个财团中信集团和中国铁路建设赢得了一份价值70亿美元的合同,2010年5月在阿尔及利亚建造一条高速公路。
2002年12月,法规制定的中国建设部生效,履行国家的承诺改善其国内建筑市场作为加入世贸组织的条件。本条例允许外商独资建设和工程公司在中国建立,虽然限制依然存在,他们可以从事什么工作。
在此之前,外国公司只批准新项目在中国工作,然后只作为合资企业的一部分。合同必须是价值不到1200万美元,然而,这有效地保持公司的大多数项目。在更广泛的移动,建设部2010年5月宣布所有的外国和国内公司可以收购铁路项目。
最近的自然资源的消费增长在中国——其中大部分是直接关系到国家的蓬勃发展的建筑市场,导致政府采取更可持续的建筑实践。监管机构鼓励中国的建筑,使建筑更节能和更少的资源密集型。中国自然资源的消费增长快速达到不可持续的水平。2009年,中国consumed26%全球粗钢产量的全球47%的水泥生产,根据世界观察研究所,一个独立的环境研究小组。有22%的世界人口,中国只有8%的淡水供应,以及淡水污染存在也经常使用。中国的建筑几乎都是完全建造的混凝土,是出了名的能源效率低下。
Housing was allocated directly by the government until the mid-1990s, when homeownership was first introduced. The five largest construction companies in China are 100% state owned. In 2009, they generated $21.8 billion in overseas revenue, according to the China International Contractors Association, a trade group.
Chinese contractors already do substantial business abroad, ranking sixth worldwide in terms of international business, according to the China International Contractors Association. The trade group estimates that total overseas contracting revenue will reach $50 billion by 2014, up from $21.8 billion in 2009.
Chinese construction companies are also gaining ground in Africa. As part of its strategy to gain access to overseas oil deposits, China has been offering aid packages to countries such as Nigeria and Sudan as inducements to award exploration territory to Chinese oil companies. These projects often are carried out by Chinese contractors.
In 2009, Chinese construction companies were awarded $6.3 billion in contracts in Africa. A consortium made up of Citic Group and China Railway Construction won a $7 billion contract to build a highway in Algeria in May 2010.
In December 2002, regulations set out by China’s Ministry of Construction came into force that fulfilled the country’s commitment to improving access to its domestic construction market as a condition for joining the WTO. These regulations allowed wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering companies to be established in China, though restrictions still exist as to what work they are allowed to undertake.
Prior to that, foreign companies were only approved to work in China on a project-by-project basis, and then only as part of a joint venture. The contracts must be valued at less than $12million, however, which effectively keeps the company out of most projects. In a broader move, the Ministry of Construction announced in May 2010 that all foreign and domestic companies could bid on railway projects.
Recent growth in the consumption of natural resources in China — much of which is directly related to the country’s booming construction market — is leading the government to adopt more sustainable building practices. Regulators are encouraging the country’s builders to make buildings more energy efficient and less resource intensive. The growth in consumption of natural resources in China is quickly reaching unsustainable levels. In 2009, China consumed26% of the world’s crude steel output and 47% of global cement production, according to the World watch Institute, an independent environmental research group. With 22% of the world’s population, China has just 8% of the fresh water supply, and what fresh water does exist is often too polluted to use. China’s buildings are almost always constructed entirely of concrete, which is notoriously energy inefficient.