reference格式:澳洲肥胖问题的数据分析

reference格式:澳洲肥胖问题的数据分析

负外部性是指第三方因消费者与生产者或供应商之间发生的交易而产生的成本。生产者和消费者作为第一方和第二方可能无法吸收或抵消交易成本,这就被推给了第三方。外部性一般被称为溢出效应,负外部性被称为与第三方所承担的效应相关的外部成本(Willinger and Ziegelmeyer, 1999)。本文所讨论的负外部性是由于含糖饮料给国家带来的成本。本文试图通过数据和经济模型来理解,如果肥胖是由市场在控制好产品方面的失败导致的,以及使用糖税是否有助于停止控制负外部性。


reference格式 :澳洲肥胖问题的数据分析

就该国的成本而言,超重和肥胖(高BMI)问题被视为该国疾病经济负担的第二大贡献。第一个是饮食风险,第三个是吸烟风险。截至2008年,对肥胖是注意到大约242033名澳大利亚人因为肥胖2型糖尿病,大约有644843澳大利亚人因为肥胖某种形式的心血管疾病,大约有422274澳大利亚人骨关节炎和30127年澳大利亚人结直肠癌或某种形式的乳腺癌,子宫问题,更因为肥胖(澳大利亚政府,2009)。这些反过来又增加了国家的医疗保健成本,因此迫切需要从更大范围内解决肥胖问题。

就儿童而言,我们注意到大约有四分之一的儿童肥胖,这使得平均25%的澳大利亚儿童属于肥胖类别。消费者可能会转向更经济和更健康的替代品,因为糖税,这将导致减少肥胖,这是由过量的糖消费引发的。


reference格式 :澳洲肥胖问题的数据分析

A negative externality is defined as the cost that is incurred by third parties as the result of the transaction which is happening between a consumer and producer or suppliers. The producer and the consumer as first and second parties might not be able to absorb or offset the costs of transaction and this gets pushed onto the third party. Externalities in general are called spillover effects and negative externality is called the external costs associated with the effect that is borne by the third party (Willinger and Ziegelmeyer, 1999). The negative externality that is being discussed in this research essay is that of the costs to the country occurring on account of sugary drinks. The essay attempts to understand by means of data and economic models, if obesity results from a market failure in controlling good production, and whether the use of a sugar tax would be helpful in stopping controlling the negative externalities.


reference格式 :澳洲肥胖问题的数据分析

In terms of costs to the country, the overweight and the obesity (high BMI) issue is seen to be the second highest contribution to the country’s economic burden of disease. The first is dietary risks and the third is smoking risks. As of 2008, with respect to obesity it was noticed that around 242,033 Australians had type 2 diabetes because of being obese, around 644,843 Australians had some form of cardiovascular disease because of being obese, around 422,274 Australians had osteoarthritis and 30,127 Australians had either a colorectal cancer or some form of breast cancer, uterine issues and more because of being obese (Australian Government, 2009). These in turn increase health care costs for the country, so there is a strong need to address the issue of obesity from a larger scale.
In terms of children it is noticed that there are around 1 in 4 children who are obese and that makes an average of 25 percent of the Australian children under the obese category. Consumers might turn to much more economical and healthier alternatives because of the sugar tax and this would hence result in the decrease of obesity that is triggered by excessive sugar consumption.

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