英文代写:斯密对劳工中种族主义影响的观点分析

英文代写:斯密对劳工中种族主义影响的观点分析

在封建主义、重商主义和早期资本主义等所有的经济时代,社会中普遍存在着一种种族主义的论调。业主为了维持经营,利用这些概念,以确保他们的工农业生产有稳定的劳动力供应。这受到各民族存在的政治意识形态的影响(Benton et al., 2001)。

封建主义是5世纪到12世纪欧洲存在的一段时间。在这个体系中,领主把土地给他们信任的人或附庸,以换取他们的军事服务(Hollander, 1973)。这些附庸国反过来又为他们在土地上的具体任务维持劳工。这是一个等级森严的官僚体系。12世纪早期的社会存在封建主义(Hunt, 1993)。在这个制度中,一群人控制着社会。

这一制度的许多方面在商业时期仍然存在。在16世纪至18世纪的商业时期,政府为了维护社会的商业利益而下达的命令非常重要。这一制度的主要思想是工作是生产和维持的根源。重商主义理论的主要运作理念是政府应该控制所有与商业有关的业务。这种意识形态包含着强烈的民族主义和保护主义。它是较早涉及监管的制度之一。然而,斯密是强烈批评重商主义宣传的意识形态的经济学家之一。重商主义的概念是生产是基础,是增长。然而,管理工人的人都认为工人天生懒惰。在制定政府政策时发现了高度的国家保护主义。人们在这个系统中没有任何控制。而是关于政府是如何运作的。重商主义及其意识形态在18世纪早期盛行。从18世纪开始,关于自由市场和自由市场经济学的观念发生了转变。

In all the economic eras such as feudalism, mercantilism and early capitalism there is a racist tone that was prevalent in the societies. Owners in an effort to sustain in the business utilize these notions to ensure that there is steady supply of labourers for their industrial and agricultural production. This was influenced by the political ideologies existing in the nations (Benton et al., 2001).
Feudalism is the stretch of time that existed in Europe between 5th to 12th Centuries. In this system the lords gave their trusted men or vassals land in return for their military services(Hollander, 1973). These vassals in turn maintained labourers for their specific tasks in the land. This was a hierarchical bureaucratic system. In the early 12th century there was feudalism in the societies (Hunt, 1993). In this system a group of people controlled the society.
Many facets of this system were still seen in the mercantile period. In the mercantile period extending between 16th to 18th centuries there was importance given to governmental mandates for maintaining commercial interest in the societies. Primary ideology of this system that work was the root of production and sustenance. Mercantilism theory primarily operates in the notion that the government should control all the operations concerned with business. There is strong nationalism and protectionism that is encompassed with this ideology. It is one of the earlier systems that are involved in regulation. However Smith was one of the economists who had strongly criticized the ideologies propagated by mercantilism. Concept of mercantilism is the production was the basis andwas growth. Nevertheless the people who managed the workers were under the assumption that workers are naturally indolent. There were high levels of national protectionism observed in the framing of the governmental policies. People did not have any control in this system. It was about how the government operates. Mercantilism and its ideologies were prevailing in the early 18th century. From 18th century there has been a shift in the notions regarding free markets and the economics of free market.


英文代写 :斯密对劳工中种族主义影响的观点分析

亚当·斯密写了《国富论》。在这方面提供了一些见解,以确保商业和生产力的增长。它为现代资本主义社会思想铺平了道路。对于产品的价值概念,我们认为在产品定价时要考虑对产品的实际使用和对产品的感知。基于这些因素,产品的价值是通过其内在形象和产品的实际效用相结合来衡量的。在产品定价方面,史密斯指出生产成本受工人工资的影响。它规定,在相对规模上,决定产品经济定价的是劳动力的工资和可用性。这种产品相对规模的度量受到长期和短期需求的影响。

它在促进国内增长和生产力方面具有许多优势。然而,在史密斯的作品中也观察到了种族主义。在史密斯的作品中可以看到一种与生俱来的结构性种族主义。他解释说应该与野蛮人和文明国家达成协议。然而,史密斯并没有表达任何边缘化社会或压迫人民的观点。但他的观点被用来在社会中创造自己的解释。史密斯认为生产的相对成本取决于劳动力。因此,降低生产成本可以通过降低工资来实现。这些将确保利润最大化。在此期间,某些种族受到强烈的种族主义和种族压迫。正因为如此,有些人暗指史密斯可能会为了维持控制而镇压阶级。它本质上意味着通过压迫某些种族来剥削人民以获得更廉价的劳动力。

Adam Smith wrote “Wealth of the nations”. In this there are a number of insights that are provided to ensure increase in commerce and productivity. It has paved the way for modernist capitalistic societal thinking.For notion of value of a product it is considered that the actual use and perception regarding the object are weighed in during pricing of a product. Based on these factors, value of a product is measured by a combination of its intrinsic image and the actual utility of the product. For pricing of the products, Smith stated that the cost of production is influenced by the wages of the labourers. It mandates that it is the wages and availability of labours that determine the economic pricing of a product on a relative scale. This measurement of the relative scale of the product is influenced by long-term and short-term requirements.
It has a number of advantages that helps in growth and productivity within the nation. However there is racism that is observed in the works of Smith. There is an innate structural racism that is observed in the works of Smith. He explains that there should be deals struck with the savages and the civilized nations. Smith however did not express any views to marginalize societies or oppress the people. But his views were used to create own interpretations in the societies. Smith opined that the relative cost of production is dependent on labour. Hence lower the cost of production can be achieved by lower wages. These will ensure that there will be maximization of profits. There were strong racism and racial oppressions of certain ethnicities during this time period. Owing to this some people allude that Smith would have probably meant subduing the classes in order to maintain control. It inherently meant exploiting the people for cheaper labour by oppressing some ethnicities.

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